Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …

Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is
one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone …

Aging in men is accompanied by a progressive, but individually variable decline of serum
testosterone production, more than 20% of healthy men over 60 yr of age presenting with …

Sexual dimorphism exists to a small degree at birth, but striking differences develop during
the pubertal years. The development of this dimorphism in body composition is largely …

The role of estrogens in male physiology has become more evident, as a consequence of
the discovery of human models of estrogen deficiency such as estrogen resistance or …

T is now well accepted that serum testosterone (T) levels decline progressively with aging in
men (1–5). This decline is associated with alterations in body composition; diminished …

Worldwide, the prevalence of moderate to severe visual impairment and blindness is 285
millions, with 65% of visually impaired and 82% of all blind people being 50 years and older …

With the aging of the population, there is a growing recognition that osteoporosis and
fractures in men are a significant public health problem, and both hip and vertebral fractures …

Puberty should not be considered as a de novo event but rather as a phase in the continuum
of the development of gonadal function and the ontogeny of the hypothalamic-pituitary …

Osteoporosis is a common disease of older adults and is a major public health problem
worldwide. As the population ages, the incidence of osteoporosis and resulting osteoporotic …