Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic compounds released into our environment and is
harmful to human health, urging the need to remediate Cd-polluted soils. To this end, it is …

Salt stress is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. A better
understanding of the mechanisms mediating salt resistance will help researchers design …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to
abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are …

Stomata, the pores formed by a pair of guard cells, are the main gateways for water
transpiration and photosynthetic CO2 exchange, as well as pathogen invasion in land …

As the world develops and population increases, so too does the demand for higher
agricultural output with lower resources. Plant biostimulants appear to be one of the more …

In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress
conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)–the byproducts of aerobic metabolism–influence numerous
aspects of the plant life cycle and environmental response mechanisms. In plants, ROS act …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is an important signalling event
associated with every aspect of plant growth, development, yield, abiotic and biotic stress …