Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Ocean temperature variability is a fundamental component of the Earth's climate system, and
extremes in this variability affect the health of marine ecosystems around the world. The …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

Two decades of high-resolution satellite observations and climate modeling studies have
indicated strong ocean–atmosphere coupled feedback mediated by ocean mesoscale …

Sea surface temperature (SST) is a fundamental physical variable for understanding,
quantifying and predicting complex interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere …

Sea state information is needed for many applications, ranging from safety at sea and on the
coast, for which real time data are essential, to planning and design needs for infrastructure …

Remote, harsh conditions of the Southern Ocean challenge our ability to observe the
region's influence on the climate system. Southern Ocean air‐sea CO2 flux estimates have …

The geographical variability, frequency content, and vertical structure of near‐surface
oceanic kinetic energy (KE) are important for air‐sea interaction, marine ecosystems …

The air–sea interface is a key gateway in the Earth system. It is where the atmosphere sets
the ocean in motion, climate/weather-relevant air–sea processes occur, and pollutants (ie …

Strengths and weakness of remotely sensed winds are discussed, along with the current
capabilities for remotely sensing winds and stress. Future missions are briefly mentioned …