When legislators are uninformed about public opinion, does learning constituents' opinion
affect how legislators vote? We conducted a fully randomized field experiment to answer this …

Every country, every subnational government, and every district has a designated
population, and this has a bearing on politics in ways most citizens and policymakers are …

American politics scholars typically conceptualize representation narrowly as mass‐elite
policy responsiveness, with many studies identifying factors that hinder that relationship …

Multidimensional Democracy examines political representation from the supply (legislator)
and demand (constituent) perspectives. Focusing on four dimensions-policy, service …

Using new data on roll-call voting of US state legislators and public opinion in their districts,
we explain how ideological polarization of voters within districts can lead to legislative …

Members of parliament in representative democracies can be considered as representative
elites, since they have decisive impact on policies and the institutional order of the polity and …

The responsiveness of individual legislators to their constituents creates an indirect electoral
connection between the aggregate preferences of citizens and the behavior of legislative …

Interest system density influences internal dynamics within interest organizations, how they
lobby, and policy conditions. But how do political conditions influence interest system …

Since 1972, campaign spending by House incumbents has skyrocketed, particularly in those
districts with marginal support for the incumbent's party. At the same time, parties in the …

In this article, I examine the effect of incumbent ideology on elections in 45 state legislatures,
showing that ideological extremists are more likely to be opposed in the general election …