We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21
years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid …

Symbioses are ubiquitous in nature and influence individual plants and populations. Orchids
have life history stages that depend fully or partially on fungi for carbon and other essential …

Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi
as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model …

Since the early colonization of land, plants depend, to various extents, on mycorrhizal fungi
to meet their nutrient demands. In most mycorrhizal symbioses, plants provide sugars …

Stable isotope signatures of fungal sporocarps have been instrumental in identifying carbon
gains of chlorophyllous orchids from a fungal source. Yet, not all mycorrhizal fungi produce …

Two distinct nutritional syndromes have been described in temperate green orchids. Most
orchids form mycorrhizas with rhizoctonia fungi and are considered autotrophic. Some …

Identifying the mechanisms of ecological change is challenging in the absence of long-term
data, but stable isotope ratios of museum specimen tissues may provide a record of diet and …

Background Mycorrhiza is a ubiquitous form of symbiosis based on the mutual, beneficial
exchange of resources between roots of autotrophic (AT) plants and heterotrophic soil fungi …

Mycoheterotrophy is an alternative nutritional strategy whereby plants obtain sugars and
other nutrients from soil fungi. Mycoheterotrophy and associated loss of photosynthesis have …

Partial mycoheterotrophy (PMH) is a nutritional mode in which plants utilize organic matter,
ie carbon, both from photosynthesis and a fungal source. The latter reverses the direction of …