Increased osteoclast (OC) differentiation and activity is the critical event that results in bone
loss and joint destruction in common pathological bone conditions, such as osteoporosis …

Abstract 'Jack of all trades, master of everything'is a fair label for transforming growth factor
β1 (TGF-β)–a cytokine that controls our life at many levels. In the adult organism, TGF-β1 is …

Since the proposal of Paul Ehrlich's magic bullet concept over 100 years ago, tremendous
advances have occurred in targeted therapy. From the initial selective antibody, antitoxin to …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Osteoclasts are the principal cells that efficiently resorb bone. Numerous studies have
attempted to reveal the molecular pathways leading to the differentiation and activation of …

The bioavailability of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is
controlled by a number of mechanisms. Bona fide TGF-β is sequestered into the matrix in a …

Bone remodeling is a complex process involving the coordinated actions of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts to maintain bone homeostasis. While the influence of osteoblasts on osteoclast …

Cathepsin K is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family.
Although cathepsin K is highly expressed in osteoclasts, lower levels of cathepsin K are also …

During bone resorption, abundant factors previously buried in the bone matrix are released
into the bone marrow microenvironment, which results in recruitment and differentiation of …

Bone remodeling is essential for the repair and replacement of damaged and old bone. The
major principle underlying this process is that osteoclast-mediated resorption of a quantum …