Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

The ability to study cellular physiology using photosensitive, genetically encoded molecules
has profoundly transformed neuroscience. The modern optogenetic toolbox includes …

Reversible silencing of neuronal activity is a powerful approach for isolating the roles of
specific neuronal populations in circuit dynamics and behavior. In contrast with neuronal …

Both observational and perturbational technologies are essential for advancing the
understanding of brain function and dysfunction. But while observational techniques have …

Cell type–specific expression of optogenetic molecules allows temporally precise
manipulation of targeted neuronal activity. Here we present a toolbox of four knock-in mouse …

Brain function is mediated by neural circuit connectivity, and elucidating the role of
connections is aided by techniques to block their output. We developed cell-type-selective …

In vivo calcium imaging from axons provides direct interrogation of afferent neural activity,
informing the neural representations that a local circuit receives. Unlike in somata and …

The molecular mechanisms underlying the axon arborization of mammalian neurons are
poorly understood but are critical for the establishment of functional neural circuits. We …

The amount and availability of proteins are regulated by their synthesis, degradation, and
transport. These processes can specifically, locally, and temporally regulate a protein or a …

Proper brain wiring during development is pivotal for adult brain function. Neurons display a
high degree of polarization both morphologically and functionally, and this polarization …