Marine and freshwater ecosystems are warming, acidifying, and deoxygenating as a
consequence of climate change. In parallel, the impacts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) on …

Florida red tides are a natural phenomenon caused by dense aggregations of single cell or
several species of unicellular organisms. Patches of discolored water, dead or dying fish …

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) is caused by consumption of molluscan shellfish
contaminated with brevetoxins primarily produced by the dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis …

Karenia is a genus containing at least 12 species of marine unarmored dinoflagellates.
Species of the genus can be found throughout the world in both oceanic and coastal waters …

This paper reviews the literature describing research performed over the past decade on the
known and possible exposures and human health effects associated with Florida red tides …

Brevetoxins (BTXs) are very potent marine neurotoxins that increased in geographical
distribution in the past decade causing the illness clinically described as neurological …

Dinoflagellates are microalgae that are associated with the production of many marine
toxins. These toxins poison fish, other wildlife and humans. Dinoflagellate-associated …

Research on Karenia brevis blooms in the Gulf of Mexico started with the 1946–1947 red
tide along the Florida west coast. Early research was on the organism itself, its tolerances …

The Florida red tide is a descriptive name for high concentrations of the harmful marine alga,
Karenia brevis. Although most prevalent along the south-west Florida coast, periodic blooms …

Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (RO) is a reliable method for augmenting
drinking water supplies. In recent years, the number and size of these water projects have …