In recent years, new probiotic-related concepts such as postbiotics and paraprobiotics have
been used to describe non-viable microorganisms or bacterial-free extracts that may provide …

Food is the essential need of human life and has nutrients that support growth and health.
Gastrointestinal tract microbiota involves valuable microorganisms that develop therapeutic …

Recent studies suggest that human-associated bacteria interact with host-produced steroids,
but the mechanisms and physiological impact of such interactions remain unclear. Here, we …

The use of bacterial cells as agents of medical therapy has a long history. Research that was
ignited over a century ago with the accidental infection of cancer patients has matured into a …

Genetically engineered microbes, especially Escherichia coli, have been widely used in the
biosynthesis of proteins and metabolites for medical and industrial applications. As a …

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty bacterial envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria produced
by controlled expressions of cloned gene E, forming a lysis tunnel structure within the …

Cancer is measured as a major threat to human life and is a leading cause of death. Millions
of cancer patients die every year, although a burgeoning number of researchers have been …

Bacterial ghosts (BG) are empty cell envelopes derived from Gram-negative bacteria. They
contain many innate immunostimulatory agonists, and are potent activators of a broad range …

Abstract Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) has been used as a probiotic. Genetic
engineering has enhanced the utility of EcN in several vaccine and pharmaceutical …

Abstract Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) has become a research hotspot in inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD). It has a strong targeting effect on the colon, and has some therapeutic …