Health is usually defined as the absence of pathology. Here, we endeavor to define health
as a compendium of organizational and dynamic features that maintain physiology. The …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the only major mental disorder for which a cause is
considered to be known: that is, an event that involves threat to the physical integrity of …

Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. Stressful life
events, trauma, and chronic adversity can have a substantial impact on brain function and …

Every individual experiences stressful life events. In some cases acute or chronic stress
leads to depression and other psychiatric disorders, but most people are resilient to such …

Humans exhibit a remarkable degree of resilience in the face of extreme stress, with most
resisting the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Over the past 5 years, there has …

Stress is defined as an adverse condition that disturbs the homeostasis of the body and
activates adaptation responses. Among the many pathways and mediators involved …

This review aims to discuss the evidence supporting the link between chronic stress,
cognitive function and mental health. Over the years, the associations between these …

Recent scientific and technological advances have brought us closer to being able to apply
a true biopsychosocial approach to the study of resilience in humans. Decades of research …

Neuropeptides are important mediators both within the nervous system and between
neurons and other cell types. Neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related …

The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as …