Despite centuries since the discovery and study of cancer, cancer is still a lethal and
intractable health issue worldwide. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained much …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is an important pathway for promoting the
pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, including cancer. The roles of TGF-β signaling are …

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with tumor initiation, metastasis,
and drug resistance. However, the mechanisms underlying these associations are largely …

Over the last few years, the Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been significantly
considered as an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell growth. The cytokine, TGF-β is …

Rapid proliferation and a faster rate of glycolysis in cancer cells often result in an elevated
local temperature (40–43° C) at the tumor site. Nanoparticles prepared from polymers with …

Modulation of the immune system is a critical part of anticancer therapies including
immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The aim of immunomodulation in cancer …

The Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is the
major cytokine that acts as a mediator of tumor-stroma crosstalk, which in fact has a dual role …

Simple Summary Breast cancer is a major public health problem with a large impact on the
life of patients and their families. It is a highly curable disease when detected early, and an …

Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential components of the tumor
microenvironment (TME). These cells play a supportive role throughout cancer progression …

Tumor microenvironment is formed by various cellular and non-cellular components which
interact with one another and form a complex network of interactions. Some of these cellular …