The foundations of geometric morphometrics were worked out about 30 years ago and have
continually been refined and extended. What has remained as a central thrust and source of …

Recent years have seen increased interest in phylogenetic comparative analyses of
multivariate data sets, but to date the varied proposed approaches have not been …

Mosquitoes have profoundly affected human history and continue to threaten human health
through the transmission of a diverse array of pathogens. The phylogeny of mosquitoes has …

We present mvmorph, a package of multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods for the r
statistical environment. mvmorph is freely available on the cran package repository …

The analysis of phenotypic change is important for several evolutionary biology disciplines,
including phenotypic plasticity, evolutionary developmental biology, morphological …

Over the past several years, phylogenetic comparative studies have increasingly
approached trait evolution in a multivariate context, with a number of taxa that continues to …

Convergent evolution is an important phenomenon in the history of life. Despite this, there is
no common definition of convergence used by biologists. Instead, several conceptually …

Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

Most existing methods for modeling trait evolution are univariate, although researchers are
often interested in investigating evolutionary patterns and processes across multiple traits …

Studies of evolutionary correlations commonly use phylogenetic regression (ie, independent
contrasts and phylogenetic generalized least squares) to assess trait covariation in a …