How foragers balance risks during foraging is a central focus of optimal foraging studies.
While diverse theoretical and empirical work has revealed how foragers should and do …

An animal's behaviour can influence many variables, such as its energy reserves, its risk of
injury or mortality, and its rate of reproduction. To identify the optimal action in a given …

The giving-up density (GUD) framework provides a powerful experimental approach with a
strong theoretical underpinning to quantify foraging outcomes in heterogeneous …

Conflicts between large mammalian predators and humans present a challenge to
conservation efforts, as these events drive human attitudes and policies concerning predator …

Individual behavioral plasticity enables animals to adjust to different scenarios. Yet,
personality traits limit this flexibility, leading to consistent interindividual differences in …

Landscapes of fear describe a spatial representation of an animal's perceived risk of
predation and the associated foraging costs, while energy landscapes describe the spatial …

Foragers must balance the costs and gains inherent in the pursuit of their next meal.
Classical functional response formulations describe consumption rates driven by prey …

Efficient reward seeking is essential for survival and invariably requires overcoming costs,
such as physical effort and delay, which are constantly changing in natural settings …

Where direct killing is rare and niche overlap low, sympatric carnivores may appear to
coexist without conflict. Interference interactions, harassment and injury from larger …

Highlights•We quantified prey and predator activity levels using camera traps and
telemetry.•Timing of agouti kills by ocelots was disproportionate to agouti activity …