Muscles of the vertebrate neck include the cucullaris and hypobranchials. Although a
functional neck first evolved in the lobe‐finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) with the separation of …

In tetrapods, the scapular and pelvic girdles perform the important function of anchoring the
limbs to the trunk of the body and facilitating the movement of each appendage. This shared …

While fore-and hindlimbs are commonly assumed to be serially homologous, the serial
homology of the pectoral and pelvic girdles is more ambiguous. We investigate the degree …

The muscles of the shoulder region are important for movements of the upper limbs and for
stabilizing the girdle elements by connecting them to the trunk. They have a triple embryonic …

In fish, the pectoral appendage is adjacent to the head, but during vertebrate evolution a
long neck region emerged via caudal relocation of the pectoral appendage. The pectoral …

The morphological transformation of the pectoral/shoulder girdle is fundamental to the water-
to-land transition in vertebrate evolution. Although previous studies have resolved the …

Somites are epithelial blocks of paraxial mesoderm that define the vertebrate embryonic
segments. They are responsible for imposing the metameric pattern observed in many …

Background The structure and function of the serratus anterior muscle are partitioned into
three parts. If the morphological characteristics in each part can be demonstrated in more …

The fish fin is a breathtaking repository full of evolutionary diversity, novelty, and
convergence. Over 500 million years, the adaptation to novel habitats has provided …

Purpose Accessory attachments of the levator scapulae (LS) muscle have been described in
the literature in previous cadaveric studies, but there is little knowledge about the incidence …