Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-
products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7–13%) …

Microbial enzymes are of great importance in the development of industrial bioprocesses.
Current applications are focused on many different markets including pulp and paper …

Large proteins are usually expressed in a eukaryotic system while smaller ones are
expressed in prokaryotic systems. For proteins that require glycosylation, mammalian cells …

Enzymes are increasingly being used as biocatalysts in the generation of products that have
until now been derived using traditional chemical processes. Such products range from …

Asymmetric catalysis plays a key role in modern synthetic organic chemistry, with synthetic
catalysts and enzymes being the two available options. During the latter part of the last …

In today's world, there is an increasing trend towards the use of renewable, cheap and
readily available biomass in the production of a wide variety of fine and bulk chemicals in …

Lignin is an aromatic biopolymer involved in providing structural support to plant cell walls.
Compared to the other cell wall polymers, ie, cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin has been …

Directed evolution is a widely-used engineering strategy for improving the stabilities or
biochemical functions of proteins by repeated rounds of mutation and selection. These …

Lignocellulosic biomass has been considered as an important and sustainable source of
renewable energy. Cellulose constitutes the major component of the lignocellulosic biomass …

Keratin is regarded as the main component of feathers and is difficult to be degraded by
conventional proteases, leading to substantial abandonment. Keratinase is the only enzyme …