Sex differences are found across brain regions, behaviors, and brain diseases. Sexual
differentiation of the brain is initiated prenatally but it continues throughout life, as a result of …

Childhood maltreatment (CM) has well-established consequences for the mental and
physical health of the exposed individual. Accumulating evidence now suggests that the …

Newborns are colonized by maternal microbiota that is essential for offspring health and
development. The composition of these pioneer communities exhibits individual differences …

The hippocampus exerts inhibitory feedback on the release of glucocorticoids. Because the
major hippocampal efferent projections are excitatory, it has been hypothesized that this …

Trauma and chronic stress exposure are the strongest predictors of lifetime neuropsychiatric
disease presentation. These disorders often have significant sex biases, with females …

Homeostatic regulation of the maternal milieu during pregnancy is critical for maternal and
fetal health. The placenta facilitates critical communication between maternal and fetal …

Semen quality and fertility has declined over the last 50 years, corresponding to ever-
increasing environmental stressors. However, the cellular mechanisms involved and their …

Both history of early-life stress (ELS) and female sex are associated with increased risk for
depression. The complexity of how ELS interacts with brain development and sex to impart …

Stress induces allostatic responses, whose limits depend on genetic background and the
nature of the challenges. Allostatic load reflects the cumulation of these reponses over the …

ABSTRACT The Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin by sequencing (ATAC-seq) is
becoming popular in the neuroscience field where chromatin regulation is thought to be …