Understanding of secular evolution of the Earth system is based largely on the rock and
mineral archive preserved in the continental lithosphere. Based on the frequency and range …

The endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria during eukaryogenesis has long been viewed as
an adaptive response to the oxygenation of Earth's surface environment, presuming a …

Reconstructing historical atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels at finer temporal resolution is a top
priority for exploring the evolution of life on Earth. This goal, however, is challenged by gaps …

Oxygenic photosynthesis is arguably the most important biological innovation in Earth's
history, facilitating the transition to a habitable planet for complex life. Dating the emergence …

The search for life on exoplanets is motivated by the universal ways in which life could
modify its planetary environment. Atmospheric gases such as oxygen and methane are …

Microorganisms that transform and oxidize organic material (that is, heterotrophs) play a
fundamental role in the geochemical cycling of key elements in the ocean. Through their …

Understanding causal relationships between evolution and ocean oxygenation hinges on
reliable reconstructions of marine oxygen levels, typically from redox-sensitive geochemical …

Context. An important future goal in exoplanetology is to detect and characterize potentially
habitable planets. Concepts for future space missions have already been proposed: from a …

The origin of modern eukaryotes is one of the key transitions in life's history, and also one of
the least understood. Although the fossil record provides the most direct view of this process …

In the last three decades, knowledge of planetary systems other than our own has increased
rapidly with the discovery of over 5,000 exoplanets (Christiansen 2022). These worlds vary …