Fresh waters are particularly vulnerable to climate change because (i) many species within
these fragmented habitats have limited abilities to disperse as the environment changes;(ii) …

Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in
all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups. These observed changes are …

Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

The cryosphere (including, snow, glaciers, permafrost, lake and river ice) is an integral
element of high mountain regions, which are home to roughly 10% of the global population …

Thermal regimes are fundamental determinants of aquatic ecosystems, which makes
description and prediction of temperatures critical during a period of rapid global change …

Thermal regimes in rivers and streams are fundamentally important to aquatic ecosystems
and are expected to change in response to climate forcing as the Earth's temperature …

Large rivers constitute small portions of drainage networks but provide important migratory
habitats and fisheries for salmon and trout when and where temperatures are sufficiently …

It is now accepted that some human-induced climate change is unavoidable. Potential
impacts on water supply have received much attention, but relatively little is known about the …

Despite evidence from a number of Earth systems that abrupt temporal changes known as
regime shifts are important, their nature, scale and mechanisms remain poorly documented …

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout Salmo trutta (including the anadromous form, sea
trout) and Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (including anadromous fish) provide important …