Antibiotics are essential drugs used to treat pathogenic bacteria, but their prolonged use
contributes to the development and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. Antibiotic …

Microbe–host communication is essential to maintain vital functions of a healthy host, and its
disruption has been associated with several diseases, including Crohn's disease and …

As a family of cationic host defense peptides, defensins are mainly synthesized by Paneth
cells, neutrophils, and epithelial cells, contributing to host defense. Their biological functions …

The microbiome modulates host immunity and aids the maintenance of tolerance in the gut,
where microbial and food-derived antigens are abundant. Yet modern dietary factors and …

The intestinal barrier is complex and consists of multiple layers, and it provides a physical
and functional barrier to the transport of luminal contents to systemic circulation. While the …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic complex inflammatory gut pathological
condition, examples of which include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) …

Simple Summary The gastrointestinal tract is a complex organization of various types of
epithelial cells forming a single layer of the mucosal barrier, the host mucosal immune …

Interest toward the human microbiome, particularly gut microbiome has flourished in recent
decades owing to the rapidly advancing sequence-based screening and humanized …

A general consensus exists that IBD is associated with compositional and metabolic
changes in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis). However, a direct causal relationship …

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbours a complex and dynamic population of
microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which exert a marked influence on the host during …