Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular
bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be …

Autophagy is a quality-control, metabolic, and innate immunity process. Normative
autophagy affects many cell types, including hematopoietic as well as non-hematopoietic …

Peroxisomes are subcellular organelles that play a central role in human physiology by
catalyzing a range of unique metabolic functions. The importance of peroxisomes for human …

Mitochondria have a central role in regulating a range of cellular activities and host
responses upon bacterial infection. Multiple pathogens affect mitochondria dynamics and …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra-and extracellular spaces for pathogen-
associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition …

Interferons (IFNs) constitute the first line of defense against microbial infections particularly
against viruses. They provide antiviral properties to cells by inducing the expression of …

Over the past decades, peroxisomes have emerged as key regulators in overall cellular lipid
and reactive oxygen species metabolism. In mammals, these organelles have also been …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are tightly associated with very dynamic
platforms termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). MAMs provide an excellent …

Exhausted T cells express multiple co-inhibitory molecules that impair their function and limit
immunity to chronic viral infection. Defining novel markers of exhaustion is important both for …

Viral infection is controlled by host innate immune cells that express specialized receptors
for viral components. Engagement of these pattern recognition receptors triggers a series of …