Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

The variety of physiological functions controlled by dopamine in the brain and periphery is
mediated by the D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4 and D 5 dopamine GPCRs. Drugs acting on dopamine …

Caffeine is the most widely consumed behaviorally active substance in the world. Almost all
caffeine comes from dietary sources (beverages and food), most of it from coffee and tea …

Extracellular purines (adenosine, ADP, and ATP) and pyrimidines (UDP and UTP) are
important signaling molecules that mediate diverse biological effects via cellsurface …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned and characterized from several mammalian
species. The receptors are named adenosine A 1, A 2A, A 2B, and A 3. The A 2A and A 2B …

Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the
world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

Abstract The amphetamine derivative (±)-3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA,
ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug among young people, particularly those involved in …

Of the known biochemical actions of caffeine, only inhibition of adenosine receptors occurs
at concentrations achieved during normal human consumption of the drug. Under normal …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that modulate physiology
across human tissues in response to extracellular signals. GPCR-mediated signalling can …