The microneedle (MN), a highly efficient and versatile device, has attracted extensive
scientific and industrial interests in the past decades due to prominent properties including …

Vaccine administration by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is the most commonly
prescribed route for inoculation, however, it is often associated with some deficiencies such …

Microneedles were first conceptualized for drug delivery many decades ago, but only
became the subject of significant research starting in the mid-1990's when microfabrication …

Vaccines aim to protect against or treat diseases through manipulation of the immune
response, promoting either immunity or tolerance. In the former case, vaccines generate …

Dendritic cell (DC)‐based cancer immunotherapy has exhibited remarkable clinical
prospects because DCs play a central role in initiating and regulating adaptive immune …

Skin is a widely used route of delivery for local and systemic drugs and is potentially a route
for their delivery as nanoparticles. The skin provides a natural physical barrier against …

The progress in microneedle research is evidenced by the transition from simple 'poke and
patch'solid microneedles fabricated from silicon and stainless steel to the development of …

Millions of people die of infectious diseases each year, mostly in develo** countries,
which could largely be prevented by the use of vaccines. While immunization rates have …

Exosomal particular size of 30–100nm matches the size criterion for nanoparticles, and
opens up the possibility of using exosomes as a nanoparticle drug carrier. More importantly …

Chronic diseases (CDs) are noncommunicable illnesses with long-term symptoms
accounting for~ 70% of all deaths worldwide. For the diagnosis and prognosis of CDs …