We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

In recent years, an evaluation technique for Earth System Models (ESMs) has arisen—
emergent constraints (ECs)—which rely on strong statistical relationships between aspects …

The science guiding the EUREC 4 A campaign and its measurements is presented. EUREC
4 A comprised roughly 5 weeks of measurements in the downstream winter trades of the …

Cloud feedback—the change in top‐of‐atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud
response to warming—constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate …

Shallow cumulus clouds in the trade-wind regions cool the planet by reflecting solar
radiation. The response of trade cumulus clouds to climate change is a key uncertainty in …

The response to warming of tropical low-level clouds including both marine stratocumulus
and trade cumulus is a major source of uncertainty in projections of future climate. Climate …

The primary objective of CFMIP is to inform future assessments of cloud feedbacks through
improved understanding of cloud–climate feedback mechanisms and better evaluation of …

Trade-wind cumuli constitute the cloud type with the highest frequency of occurrence on
Earth, and it has been shown that their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions will …

Future global warming is determined by both greenhouse gas emission pathways and
Earth's transient and equilibrium climate response to doubled atmospheric CO2. Energy …

An activity designed to characterise patterns of mesoscale (20 to 2,000 km) organisation of
shallow clouds in the downstream trades is described. Patterns of mesoscale organisation …