Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the cell's hydrogen carrier for redox enzymes, is
well known for its role in redox reactions. More recently, it has emerged as a signaling …

Mitochondria are the energy center of the cell. They are found in the cell cytoplasm as
dynamic networks where they adapt energy production based on the cell's needs. They are …

Leishmaniasis, one of the most neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), is the third most
important vector-borne disease worldwide. This disease has a global impact and severity of …

In response to myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac macrophages regulate inflammation and
scar formation. We hypothesized that macrophages undergo polarization state changes over …

Macrophages are essential innate immune cells that contribute to host defense during
infection. An important feature of macrophages is their ability to respond to extracellular cues …

Macrophages are the primary targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; the early
events of macrophage interaction with M. tuberculosis define subsequent progression and …

Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their
mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of …

Macrophages (Mφ) are central players in mediating proinflammatory and
immunomodulatory functions. Unchecked Mφ activities contribute to pathology across many …

The development of therapeutics for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, while progressing,
has not matched the pace of new treatments of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) …

African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal
disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In …