The Toll receptor was initially identified in Drosophila melanogaster for its role in embryonic
development. Subsequently, D. melanogaster Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors …

We compare and contrast the genetic architecture of quantitative phenotypes in two
genetically well-characterized model organisms, the laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, and …

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as an important model of non-pathogenic host–
microbe interactions. The genetic and experimental tractability of Drosophila has led to …

Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by
analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction …

Immune function is likely to be a critical determinant of an organism's fitness, yet most
natural animal and plant populations exhibit tremendous genetic variation for immune traits …

As pollinators, bees are cornerstones for terrestrial ecosystem stability and key components
in agricultural productivity. All animals, including bees, are associated with a diverse …

The fruit fly Drosophila is a classic model organism to study adaptation as well as the
relationship between genetic variation and phenotypes. Although associated bacterial …

Ecoimmunologists aim to understand the costs, benefits, and net fitness consequences of
different strategies for immune defense. 2. Measuring the fitness consequences of immune …

An organism's fitness is critically reliant on its immune system to provide protection against
parasites and pathogens. The structure of even simple immune systems is surprisingly …

Insect host—parasitoid interactions involve complex physiological, biochemical and genetic
interactions. Against endoparasitoids, immune‐competent hosts initiate a blood cell …