Bacteria are under immense evolutionary pressure from their viral invaders—
bacteriophages. Bacteria have evolved numerous immune mechanisms, both innate and …

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

Rapid detection of nucleic acids is integral for clinical diagnostics and biotechnological
applications. We recently developed a platform termed SHERLOCK (specific high-sensitivity …

INTRODUCTION Almost all archaea and about half of bacteria possess clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) adaptive …

The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

CRISPR–Cas is a widespread adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea that
protects against viral infection by targeting specific invading nucleic acid sequences …

Bacteria and archaea possess a range of defense mechanisms to combat plasmids and viral
infections. Unique among these are the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short …

BACKGROUND Prokaryotes have evolved multiple systems to combat invaders such as
viruses and plasmids. Examples of such defense systems include receptor masking …

Since the first genome-scale comparisons, it has been evident that the genomes of many
species are unbound by strict vertical descent: Large differences in gene content can occur …

Prokaryotic organisms are threatened by a large array of viruses and have developed
numerous defence strategies. Among these, only clustered, regularly interspaced short …