Abstract Building Information Models (BIMs) and City Information Models (CIMs) have
flourished in building and urban studies independently over the past decade. Semantic …

Increasing urbanisation has inevitably led to the continuous construction of buildings. Urban
expansion and densification processes reshape cities and, in particular, the third dimension …

The level of detail (LOD) concept of the OGC standard CityGML 2.0 is intended to
differentiate multi-scale representations of semantic 3D city models. The concept is in …

Differences in the scope and intent of the contrasting IFC and CityGML data formats entail
that converting the former to the latter results in loss of information. However, for some use …

Elevation datasets (eg point clouds) are an essential but often unavailable ingredient for the
construction of 3D city models. We investigate in this paper to what extent can 3D city …

The Smart Cities data and applications need to replicate, as faithfully as possible, the state
of the city and to simulate possible alternative futures. In order to do this, the modelling of the …

Virtual 3D city models usually evolved from other geodata sets and were not set up from
scratch. As traditional geodata used to be only 2D and 2.5 D for a long time, 3D city models …

Abstract 3D city models are rich data sets for urban energy analyses, providing geometrical
and semantic data required to estimate the energy demand of entire districts, cities and even …

Climate models lack the necessary resolution for urban climate studies, requiring
computationally intensive processes to estimate high resolution air temperatures. In contrast …

The growing interest in building data management, especially the building information
model (BIM), has significantly influenced urban management, materials supply chain …