The cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an elastic structure that provides osmotic and
physical protection and determines the shape of the cell. The inner layer of the wall is largely …

The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is characterized by its ability to
induce a distinct polysaccharide capsule in response to a number of host-specific …

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is found in the normal
gastrointestinal flora of most healthy humans. However, under certain environmental …

The trace metal copper is an essential cofactor for a number of biological processes
including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, free radical detoxification …

Maintaining the appropriate balance of iron between deficiency and toxicity requires fine-
tuned control of systems for iron uptake and storage. Both among fungal species and within …

The maintenance of appropriate intracellular concentrations of alkali metal cations,
principally K+ and Na+, is of utmost importance for living cells, since they determine cell …

Many fungi grow over a wide pH range and their gene expression is tailored to the
environmental pH. In Aspergillus nidulans, the transcription factor PacC, an activator of …

Life, as we know it, is water based. Exposure to hydroxonium and hydroxide ions is constant
and ubiquitous, and the evolutionary pressure to respond appropriately to these ions is likely …

Every cell has developed mechanisms to respond to changes in its environment and to
adapt its growth and metabolism to unfavorable conditions. The unicellular eukaryote yeast …

Superoxide dismutases (SOD) convert superoxide radicals into less damaging hydrogen
peroxide. The opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans is known to express …