Despite the decades-old knowledge that diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for
cardiovascular disease, the reasons for this association are only partially understood. While …

Macrophages become activated initiating innate immune responses. Depending on the
signals, macrophages obtain an array of activation phenotypes, described by the broad …

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus will likely increase globally from 371 million individuals
in 2013 to 552 million individuals in 2030. This epidemic is mainly attributable to type 2 …

Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is
associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which …

Obesity and resistance to insulin are closely associated with the development of low-grade
inflammation. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is linked to obesity-associated inflammation; however, its …

In patients with diabetes, atherosclerosis is the main reason for impaired life expectancy,
and diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy are the largest contributors to end-stage renal …

The obesity epidemic has forced us to evaluate the role of inflammation in the health
complications of obesity. This has led to a convergence of the fields of immunology and …

Metabolic disorders including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis have been
viewed historically as lipid storage disorders brought about by overnutrition. It is now widely …

Progress in preventing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) has been stalled by
the epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Further advances in this area demand a thorough …

Metabolic and immune systems are among the most fundamental requirements for survival.
Many metabolic and immune response pathways or nutrient-and pathogen-sensing systems …