School absenteeism and dropout are associated with many different life-course problems.
To reduce the risk for these problems it is important to gain insight into risk factors for both …

Background Comorbidity is highly prevalent between substance use disorders (SUDs) and
schizophrenia. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated prevalence rates of …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

This review discusses alcohol and other forms of drug addiction as both a sociocultural and
biological phenomenon. Sex differences and gender are not solely determined by biology …

Sex/gender effects have been demonstrated for multiple aspects of addiction, with one of the
most commonly cited examples being the “telesco** effect” where women meet criteria …

Sex hormones have been implicated in neurite outgrowth, synaptogenesis, dendritic
branching, myelination and other important mechanisms of neural plasticity. Here we review …

Abstract Purpose of Review Substance use disorders (SUD) affect differentially women and
men. Although the prevalence has been reported higher in men, those women with addictive …

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of
eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

The mesolimbic dopamine system—which originates in the ventral tegmental area and
projects to the striatum—has been shown to be involved in the expression of sex-specific …