This study provides a comprehensive and quantitative estimate of how global temperatures
have changed during the last 540 million years. It combines paleotemperature …

Throughout Earth's history, CO2 is thought to have exerted a fundamental control on
environmental change. Here we review and revise CO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes …

Using Pacific benthic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca records, we derive a Cenozoic (66 Ma)
global mean sea level (GMSL) estimate that records evolution from an ice-free Early Eocene …

Abstract The Miocene epoch (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time interval of global warmth, relative
to today. Continental configurations and mountain topography transitioned toward modern …

Predictions for sea-level rise this century due to melt from Antarctica range from zero to more
than one metre. The highest predictions are driven by the controversial marine ice-cliff …

Abstract The Pliocene Epoch (∼ 5.3–2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a
warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an …

Reconstructing the evolution of sea level during past warmer epochs such as the Pliocene
provides insight into the response of sea level and ice sheets to prolonged warming …

Abstract The late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) was one of Earth's most important Phanerozoic
climatic events lasting for over 100 Mys. Despite its importance, its history is controversial …

Global ice volume (sea level) and deep‐sea temperature are key measures of Earth's
climatic state. We synthesize evidence for multi‐centennial to millennial ice‐volume and …

The hypothesis of a connection between the onset (or intensification) of Northern
Hemisphere Glaciation, the stepwise increase in African aridity (and climate variability), and …