Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved family in the innate immune
system and are the first line of host defense against microbial pathogens by recognizing …

SUMMARY A significant increase in the incidence of Candida-mediated infections has been
observed in the last decade, mainly due to rising numbers of susceptible individuals …

Several studies have shown that the pre-vaccination immune state is associated with the
antibody response to vaccination. However, the generalizability and mechanisms that …

Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer and functions as the main structural
component in a variety of living organisms. In nature, chitin rarely occurs in a pure form, but …

The occurrence of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-
2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19), represents a catastrophic threat to …

The paucity of blood granulocyte populations such as neutrophils in laboratory mice is a
notable difference between this model organism and humans, but the cause of this species …

Plants encounter various microbes in nature and must respond appropriately to symbiotic or
pathogenic ones. In rice, the receptor-like kinase OsCERK1 is involved in recognizing both …

Chitosans are versatile biopolymers with multiple biological activities and potential
applications. They are linear copolymers of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine defined …

Fungal pathogens are major destructive microorganisms for land plants and pose growing
challenges to global crop production. Chitin is a vital building block for fungal cell walls and …

Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs), which are molecular signatures shared by different pathogens. Recognition of …