The increasing frequency of monkeypox virus infections, new outbreaks of other zoonotic
orthopoxviruses and concern about the re-emergence of smallpox have prompted research …

Cells express multiple molecules aimed at detecting incoming virus and infection.
Recognition of virus infection leads to the production of cytokines, chemokines and …

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an acute and persistent swine virus with a high economic
burden that encodes multiple genes to evade host immune response. In this work, we have …

Interactions between pathogens, host microbiota and the immune system influence many
physiological and pathological processes. In the 20th century, widespread dermal …

The live smallpox vaccine was a historical first and highly effective vaccine. However, along
with high immunogenicity, the vaccinia virus (VACV) caused serious side effects in …

Mucosal vaccinations for respiratory pathogens provide effective protection as they stimulate
localized cellular and humoral immunities at the site of infection. Currently, the major …

The ubiquitin system has emerged as a master regulator of many, if not all, cellular functions.
With its large repertoire of conjugating and ligating enzymes, the ubiquitin system holds a …

Human tripartite motif protein 5α (TRIM5α) is a well-characterized restriction factor for some
RNA viruses, including HIV,,,–; however, reports are limited for DNA viruses,. Here we …

Genetic modifications of the oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) improve selective tumor cell
infection and death, as well as activation of antitumor immunity. We have engineered a …

Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes scores of proteins that suppress host innate immunity and
many of these target intracellular signalling pathways leading to activation of inflammation …