Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical
and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are produced
in plants in response to many biotic and abiotic stressors, and they can enhance stress …

The precursors and derivatives of jasmonic acid (JA) contribute to plant protective immunity
to insect attack. However, the role of JA in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) defense against …

In plants, nitric oxide (NO) has become a versatile signaling molecule essential for
mediating a wide range of physiological processes under various biotic and abiotic stress …

In nature, plants have evolved sophisticated defense mechanisms against the attack of
pathogens and insect herbivores. Plant volatile-mediated plant-to-plant communication has …

Cereal plants under abiotic or biotic stressors to survive unfavourable conditions and
continue growth and development, rapidly and precisely identify external stimuli and activate …

The root cap releases cells that produce massive amounts of mucilage containing
polysaccharides, proteoglycans, extracellular DNA (exDNA) and a variety of antimicrobial …

Simple Summary Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule that has an important role in the plant
life cycle. It mediates a range of physiological processes and responses to stresses (eg …

Simple Summary Flavonoids are plant phenolic compounds whose biological activities
include participation in plant responses to various stresses of biological and environmental …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, diatomic, gaseous, free radicle, lipophilic, diffusible, and highly
reactive molecule with unique properties that make it a crucial signaling molecule with …