A biofilm can be defined as a community of microorganisms adhering to a surface and
surrounded by a complex matrix of extrapolymeric substances. It is now generally accepted …

Contact lens-related problems are common and can result in severe sight-threatening
complications or contact lens drop out if not addressed properly. We systematically reviewed …

Opportunistic pathogens represent a unique challenge because they establish and grow
within drinking water systems, yet the factors stimulating their proliferation are largely …

Opportunistic pathogens occurring in premise (ie, building) plumbing systems, including
strains of Legionella, Mycobacterium, Acanthamoeba, and Pseudomonas, are now …

Chlorine and thermal treatments are the most commonly used procedures to control and
prevent Legionella proliferation in drinking water systems of large buildings. However, cases …

The Spaulding classification, originally proposed in 1957, is a widely used system for
matching the disinfection and sterilization of surfaces, particularly those of re-usable …

Leprosy is a curable neglected disease of humans caused by Mycobacterium leprae that
affects the skin and peripheral nerves and manifests clinically in various forms ranging from …

TiO2 semiconductor is being investigated and used for different applications such as energy
production, photoinactivation, photoabatement, self-cleaning and water desalination. TiO2 …

Large viruses infecting algae or amoebae belong to the NucleoCytoplasmic Large DNA
Viruses (NCLDV) and present genotypic and phenotypic characteristics that have raised …

Free-living amoebae might be pathogenic by themselves and be a reservoir for bacterial
pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophila. Not only could amoebae protect intra-cellular …