This paper reviews some of the recent findings on different aspects of the anatomical
organization of the basal ganglia. Attempts have been made to delineate the anatomical …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Recent studies indicate that dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and
substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) convey distinct signals. To explore this difference, we …

The present edition of The Human Central Nervous System differs considerably from its
predecessors. In previous editions, the text was essentially confined to a section dealing …

The subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum (GPe) are classically viewed as part of
the so-called indirect pathway, which acts in concert with the direct pathway. The direct and …

The goals of this article are to suggest a basic wiring diagram for the motor neural network
that controls motivated behavior, and to provide a model for the organization of cerebral …

Akinesia and gait disturbances are particularly incapacitating for patients with Parkinson's
disease. The anatomical and physiological substrates for these disturbances are poorly …

In the first part of this article we summarize a theoretical framework and a set of hypotheses
aimed at accounting for consciousness in neurobiological terms. The basic form of …

Following injections of [3H] leucine into the formatio reticularis gigantocellularis (Rgc),
reticularis pontis caudalis (Rpc), reticularis pontis oralis (Rpo), reticularis mesencephali …

Complex visual hallucinations may affect some normal individuals on going to sleep and are
also seen in pathological states, often in association with a sleep disturbance. The content of …