This article begins with a review of important advances in the chemistry and related physics
of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region of the atmosphere that have …

This paper briefly reviews ionospheric irregularities that occur in the E and F regions at mid‐
latitudes. Sporadic E (ES) is a common ionospheric irregularity phenomenon that is first …

The wind shear theory is widely accepted as an explanation for the formation of a sporadic E
(Es) layer, but the direct comparison of Es with the local wind shear has been limited due to …

We discuss, in a limited way, some of the challenges to advancing our understanding and
description of the coupled plasma and neutral gas that make up the ionosphere and …

On the basis of S4max data retrieved from COSMIC GPS radio occultation measurements,
the long-term climatology of the intensity of E s layers is investigated for the period from …

The intense plasma irregularities within the ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layers at 90–130 km
altitude have a significant impact on radio communications and navigation systems. As a …

Transient loss of lock is one of the key space weather effects on the Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS). Based on the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology …

An updated global climatology of blanketing sporadic E (Es) is developed from a combined
data set of Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) and ground‐based …

Long-lived metallic ions in the Earth's atmosphere (ionosphere) have been investigated for
many decades. Although the seasonal variation in ionospheric “sporadic E” layers was first …

The ionospheric sporadic E (Es) layer has a significant impact on the global positioning
system (GPS)/global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. These influences on the …