Conspectus Nanothermometry is increasingly demanded in frontier research in physics,
chemistry, materials science and engineering, and biomedicine. An ideal thermometer …

Earth is one of the inner planets of the Solar System, but–unlike the others–it has an
oxidising atmosphere, relatively stable temperature, and a constant geomagnetic field …

Observations from orbital spacecraft have shown that Jezero crater on Mars contains a
prominent fan-shaped body of sedimentary rock deposited at its western margin. The …

Plate tectonics is a fundamental factor in the sustained habitability of Earth, but its time of
onset is unknown, with ages ranging from the Hadaean to Proterozoic eons,–. Plate motion …

Venus is the planet in the Solar System most similar to Earth in terms of size and (probably)
bulk composition. Until the mid-20th century, scientists thought that Venus was a verdant …

A potential record of Earth's magnetic field going back 4.2 billion years (Ga) ago is carried by
magnetite inclusions in zircon grains from the Jack Hills. This magnetite may be secondary …

Interest in magnetic fields on the ancient Earth and other planetary bodies has motivated the
paleomagnetic analysis of complex rocks such as meteorites that carry heterogeneous …

The initiation of mobile-lid plate tectonics on Earth represented a critical transition towards a
more familiar world in terms of surface temperature stabilization, biogeochemical cycling …

Heat flux from the core to the mantle provides driving energy for mantle convection thus
powering plate tectonics, and contributes a significant fraction of the geothermal heat …

Dynamo magnetic fields are primarily generated by thermochemical convection of
electrically conductive liquid metal within planetary cores. Convection can be sustained by …