Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Biofilms are surface-attached groups of microbial cells encased in an extracellular matrix
that are significantly less susceptible to antimicrobial agents than non-adherent, planktonic …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Surface-associated microbial communities, called biofilms, are present in all environments.
Although biofilms play an important positive role in a variety of ecosystems, they also have …

Biofilms are heterogeneous structures composed of bacterial cells surrounded by a matrix
and attached to solid surfaces. The bacteria here are 100 to 1,000 times more tolerant to …

Escherichia coli biofilm consists of a bacterial colony embedded in a matrix of extracellular
polymeric substances (EPS) which protects the microbes from adverse environmental …

Highlights•Biofilms may have evolved as an adaptive response to environmental
stresses.•Biofilm formation is a complex process involving sophisticated regulatory …

The tolerance of microorganisms in biofilms to antimicrobial agents is examined through a
meta-analysis of literature data. A numerical tolerance factor comparing the rates of killing in …

Bacteria form multicellular communities known as biofilms that cause two thirds of all
infections and demonstrate a 10 to 1000 fold increase in adaptive resistance to conventional …

Bacterial resistance is a rapidly escalating threat to public health as our arsenal of effective
antibiotics dwindles. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antibiotics. Drug discovery …