Optical atomic clocks represent the state of the art in the frontier of modern measurement
science. In this article a detailed review on the development of optical atomic clocks that are …

Single trapped ions represent elementary quantum systems that are well isolated from the
environment. They can be brought nearly to rest by laser cooling, and both their internal …

We describe an optical atomic clock based on quantum-logic spectroscopy of the S 0 1↔ P
3 0 transition in Al+ 27 with a systematic uncertainty of 9.4× 10-19 and a frequency stability …

Heat engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work and generally involve a large
number of particles. We report the experimental realization of a single-atom heat engine. An …

Methods for, and limitations to, the generation of entangled states of trapped atomic ions are
examined. As much as possible, state manipulations are described in terms of quantum …

Optical atomic clocks are the most accurate measurement devices ever constructed and
have found many applications in fundamental science and technology,–. The use of highly …

Time has always had a special status in physics because of its fundamental role in
specifying the regularities of nature and because of the extraordinary precision with which it …

We have constructed an optical clock with a fractional frequency inaccuracy of 8.6× 10-18,
based on quantum logic spectroscopy of an Al+ ion. A simultaneously trapped Mg+ ion …

Observers in relative motion or at different gravitational potentials measure disparate clock
rates. These predictions of relativity have previously been observed with atomic clocks at …

We describe the first precision measurement of the electron's electric dipole moment (de)
using trapped molecular ions, demonstrating the application of spin interrogation times over …