Research focusing on among‐individual differences in behaviour ('animal personality') has
been blooming for over a decade. Central theories explaining the maintenance of such …

Within populations, individuals often show repeatable variation in behaviour, called 'animal
personality'. In the last few decades, numerous empirical studies have attempted to …

The world is facing an incoming global protein shortage due to existing malnutrition and
further rapid increases in population size. It will however be difficult to greatly expand …

Highlights•Empiricists have reported individual differences in many behavioral
plasticities.•Recent studies have focused on the long-term temporal consistency of …

Adaptive integration of life history and behaviour is expected to result in variation in the pace‐
of‐life. Previous work focused on whether 'risky'phenotypes live fast but die young, but …

Animals typically display among-individual differences in behavior that are consistent over
time (ie, personality). These differences are often triggered by variable individual responses …

Abstract Knowledge on animal personality has provided new insights into evolutionary
biology and animal ecology, as behavioural types have been shown to affect fitness. Animal …

Work examining dog personality is relatively new, so the degree to which dog personality
differs by age, predicts important dog outcomes, and is correlated with human personality is …

Examining the relevance of 'animal personality'involves linking consistent among-and within-
individual behavioural variation to fitness in the wild. Studies aiming to do this typically …

In animal contests, individuals respond plastically to the phenotypes of the opponents that
they confront. These “opponent”—or “indirect”—effects are often repeatable, for example …