Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some
species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is …

Jellyfish are ubiquitous animals registering a high and increasing number of contacts with
humans in coastal areas. These encounters result in a multitude of symptoms, ranging from …

Nematocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, are the most evolutionarily ancient venom
apparatus. These nanosyringe-like weaponry systems reach pressures of approximately …

Just over a century ago, animal responses to injections of jellyfish extracts unveiled the
phenomenon of anaphylaxis. Yet, until very recently, understanding of jellyfish sting toxicity …

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The
venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of …

The recent bloom of a giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai has caused a danger to sea
bathers and fishery damages in the waters of China, Korea, and Japan. The present study …

Jellyfish tentacles in contact with human skin can produce pain swelling and redness. The
pain is due to discharge of jellyfish nematocysts and associated toxins and discharge can be …

Venoms are complex mixtures of toxic compounds delivered by bite or sting. In humans, the
consequences of envenomation range from self-limiting to lethal. Critical host defence …

Jellyfish blooms occur throughout the world. Human contact with a jellyfish induces a local
reaction of the skin, which can be painful and leave scaring. Systemic symptoms are also …

The ancient phylum of Cnidaria contains many aquatic species with peculiar lifestyle. In
order to survive, these organisms have evolved attack and defense mechanisms that are …