Liquid–liquid phase separation and related phase transitions have emerged as generic
mechanisms in living cells for the formation of membraneless compartments or biomolecular …

The fascinating patterns of collective motion created by autonomously driven particles have
fuelled active-matter research for over two decades. So far, theoretical active-matter …

Fluid-based triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs) represent a cutting-edge technology
that leverages fluids as a contact medium to harness renewable energy through contact …

Compartmentalization is an essential feature of eukaryotic life and is achieved both via
membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria, and membrane-less biomolecular …

Conspectus Cells have evolved to be self-sustaining compartmentalized systems that
consist of many thousands of biomolecules and metabolites interacting in complex cycles …

Bottom‐up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and
function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry …

BACKGROUND Living cells contain distinct subcompartments to facilitate spatiotemporal
regulation of biological reactions. In addition to canonical membrane-bound organelles such …

The design and construction of synthetic cells–human‐made microcompartments that mimic
features of living cells–have experienced a real boom in the past decade. While many efforts …

Artificial cells are biomimetic microstructures that mimic functions of natural cells, can be
applied as building blocks for molecular systems engineering, and host synthetic biology …

Liquid-liquid phase separation yields spherical droplets that eventually coarsen to one
large, stable droplet governed by the principle of minimal free energy. In chemically fueled …