Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs), including mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal
marshes, store carbon and provide co-benefits such as coastal protection and fisheries …

Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

Tidal wetlands are expected to respond dynamically to global environmental change, but the
extent to which wetland losses have been offset by gains remains poorly understood. We …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Biogeomorphic wetlands cover 1% of Earth's surface but store 20% of ecosystem organic
carbon. This disproportional share is fueled by high carbon sequestration rates and effective …

Global mangrove loss has been attributed primarily to human activity. Anthropogenic loss
hotspots across Southeast Asia and around the world have characterized the ecosystem as …

The coastal zone of China has experienced large increases in population, economy and
urbanization since the early 1980s. Many studies have reported the loss, degradation and …

Sandy beaches occupy more than one-third of the global coastline and have high
socioeconomic value related to recreation, tourism and ecosystem services. Beaches are …

Salt marshes provide ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, coastal protection,
sea-level-rise (SLR) adaptation and recreation. SLR, storm events, drainage and mangrove …

Executive Summary The Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use1 (AFOLU) sector
encompasses managed ecosystems and offers significant mitigation opportunities while …