Voltage-gated calcium channels couple depolarization of the cell-surface membrane to entry
of calcium, which triggers secretion, contraction, neurotransmission, gene expression, and …

Excitation–transcription coupling (E–TC) links synaptic and cellular activity to nuclear gene
transcription. It is generally accepted that E–TC makes a crucial contribution to learning and …

Vascular tone of resistance arteries and arterioles determines peripheral vascular
resistance, contributing to the regulation of blood pressure and blood flow to, and within the …

Of the ions involved in the intricate workings of the heart, calcium is considered perhaps the
most important. It is crucial to the very process that enables the chambers of the heart to …

Calcium (Ca) is a universal intracellular second messenger. In muscle, Ca is best known for
its role in contractile activation. However, in recent years the critical role of Ca in other …

The heart is a rhythmic electromechanical pump, the functioning of which depends on action
potential generation and propagation, followed by relaxation and a period of refractoriness …

The L-type Cav1. 2 calcium channel is present throughout the animal kingdom and is
essential for some aspects of CNS function, cardiac and smooth muscle contractility …

While CaMKII has long been known to be essential for synaptic plasticity and learning,
recent work points to new dimensions of CaMKII function in the nervous system, revealing …

Although cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) were described soon after the
discovery of cAMP, their complexity and functions in signaling is only recently beginning to …

This review addresses open questions about the role of β-adrenergic receptors in cardiac
function and failure. Cardiomyocytes express all three β-adrenergic receptor subtypes—β1 …