We critically evaluate the current status of portable mass spectrometry (pMS), particularly
where this aligns with ambient ionization. Assessing the field of pMS can be quite subjective …

a) Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: pz@ egr. msu. edu;
yeesin_ang@ sutd. edu. sg; algarner@ purdue. edu; av@ ru. is; john. luginsland …

At high intensities, light–matter interactions are controlled by the electric field of the exciting
light. For instance, when an intense laser pulse interacts with an atomic gas, individual …

Vacuum tubes that sparked the electronics era had given way to semiconductor transistors.
Despite their faster operation and better immunity to noise and radiation compared to the …

The newly developed nanoscale vacuum devices have basic functions similar to traditional
vacuum tubes, but can be manufactured by existing silicon-based process lines to achieve …

Vacuum tubes were central to the early development of electronics, but were replaced,
decades ago, by semiconductor transistors. Vacuum channel devices, however, offer …

Scattering-free transport in vacuum tubes has always been superior to solid-state transistors.
It is the advanced fabrication with mass production capability at low cost which drove solid …

With the continual miniaturization of electronic devices, there is an urgent need to
understand the electron emission and the mechanism of electrical breakdown at nanoscale …

Sociotechnical transitions are milestones for the impacts of innovations on civilization. What
is the relationship between sociotechnical transition and disruptive innovations? A …

A nano vacuum tube which consists of a vacuum transistor and a nano vacuum chamber
was demonstrated. For the device, a vacuum region is an electron transport channel, and a …