Legumes, unlike most land plants, can form symbiotic root nodules with nitrogen‐fixing
bacteria to secure nitrogen for growth. The formation of nitrogen‐fixing nodules on legume …

Current soil management strategies are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based
fertilizers, which caused a serious threat to human health and environment. The exploitation …

Plants associate with a wide range of microorganisms, with both detrimental and beneficial
outcomes. Central to plant survival is the ability to recognize invading microorganisms and …

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis between plants and members of an ancient
phylum of fungi, the Glomeromycota, improves the supply of water and nutrients, such as …

A survey of 659 papers mostly published since 1987 was conducted to compile a checklist of
mycorrhizal occurrence among 3,617 species (263 families) of land plants. A plant …

Since 1999, various forward-and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200
genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries …

Rhizobial bacteria enter a symbiotic association with leguminous plants, resulting in
differentiated bacteria enclosed in intracellular compartments called symbiosomes within …

Abstract The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental
question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity …

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a root endosymbiosis between plants and glomeromycete
fungi. It is the most widespread terrestrial plant symbiosis, improving plant uptake of water …

The formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on legumes requires an integration of infection by
rhizobia at the root epidermis and the initiation of cell division in the cortex, several cell …