Most neurodegenerative disorders are diseases of protein homeostasis, with misfolded
aggregates accumulating. The neurodegenerative process is mediated by numerous …

Bile acids are best known as detergents involved in the digestion of lipids. In addition, new
data in the last decade have shown that bile acids also function as gut hormones capable of …

Bear bile has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years due to its
therapeutic potential and clinical applications. The tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), one …

Bile acids are a group of molecular species of acidic steroids with peculiar physical-
chemical and biological characteristics. At high concentrations they become toxic to …

Several neurodegenerative diseases are caused by defects in protein folding, including
Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and prion diseases. Once a disease-specific protein …

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is the taurine conjugate of ursodeoxycholic acid
(UDCA), a US Food and Drug Administration—approved hydrophilic bile acid for the …

Recently, the concept of the brain-gut-microbiota (BGM) axis disturbances in the
pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been receiving growing attention. At the …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by accumulation of
amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of the brain, leading to …

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are implicated in the neurodegenerative
process in Parkinson's disease (PD). Moreover, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays an …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Cerebrovascular
dysfunction is one of the earliest events in the pathogenesis of AD, as well as in vascular …