Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary
route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in …

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to
determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent …

Despite the panzootic nature of emergent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses in
wild migratory birds and domestic poultry, only a limited number of human infections with …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) of the H9N2 subtype have become widespread in Western
Africa since their first detection in 2017 in Burkina Faso. However, the genetic characteristics …

This study aimed to investigate the genetic evolution of the H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV).
Whole genome phylogenetic trees were constructed based on 306 H9N2 avian influenza …

The development of effective and innovative vaccination strategies is urgently needed to
better control the spread and transmission of the low-pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 …

Background and Aim: LPAI H9N2 infection among the poultry population in Egypt constitutes
an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence …

Initially isolated from turkey flocks in Wisconsin in America in 1966, the avian influenza virus
H9N2 has become a serious threat not only to the avian industry but also to human health …

Despite the low pathogenicity of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses, they can induce severe
economic losses in various poultry sectors in conjunction with other factors. In Egypt, low …

Since it was first discovered, the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 subtype has
established linages infecting the poultry population globally and has become one of the …