Visuospatial thinking is considered crucial for understanding of three-dimensional spatial
concepts in STEM disciplines. Despite their importance, little is known about the underlying …

In chemistry, novices and experts use mental models to simulate and reason about sub-
microscopic processes. Animations are thus important tools for learning in chemistry to …

The integration between the three levels of chemical representations is needed by students
to get a comprehensive understanding. Based on the preliminary study only 45.5% out of …

This paper describes the design and evaluation of the rganic chemistry epresentational
ompetence ssessment (ORCA). Grounded in Kozma and Russell's representational …

Central to conceptual understanding of STEM disciplines is visuospatial processing. Despite
its acknowledged role in assuring learners' success, less is known about the underlying …

Effective learning in chemistry education requires students to understand visual
representations across multiple conceptual levels. Essential to this process are visuospatial …

The need to develop virtual reality learning environments (VRLEs) grounded in theory
motivated this work that in turn provides guidelines to support chemistry VRLEs with …

The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between students' cognitive
abilities and their performance in organic chemistry. We were interested in measuring …

The purpose of this study is to apply the Augmented Reality (AR) media to improve the
student's spatial ability on alkanes and cycloalkane conformation. The method of this study …

At the molecular level, chemical processes involve the rearrangement of atoms in space and
time. Students often struggle with visualizing the 3D spatial characteristics of molecules and …